![]() The 4 wire courses of the gittern that was a small cittern were not tuned the same as the larger cittern, but the same as (or very near to) the gut-strung guitar, though its style of playing was very different to the guitar. ![]() The gittern meaning guitar should also not be confused with the gittern (gitterne, gyttern, gyttron, etc.) that was a small cittern (cithern, cistre, psittyrne, cythara, etc.), known in England before 1550 and popular in the the 17 th century. In the 16 th century, the 4 course guitar was also known as the gittern or guiterne in England and France, so it must not be confused with the unrelated medieval gittern, carved from a solid piece of wood. So not only can the same instrument have different names in different sources, th e same name may be used for different instruments. Instead of calling the orpharion by its distinguishing name, Kircher calls it “Cythara communis”, Latin for common stringed instrument. On the right we see another example of this practice from the 17 th century, an illustration of an orpharion from Athanasius Kircher’s Musurgia Universalis, Rome, 1650. Wishing to tie their music theory to ancient sources, medieval and renaissance writers used kithára / chetarah / cithara as the root word for citole, cittern, gittern, guitar, etc., or used the actual word indiscriminately for lyres, citoles, harps, psalteries, gitterns, citterns, guitars and indeed for any instrument with plucked strings. In ancient usage, the word came to be used for any plucked stringed instrument. The gittern underneath isn’t named.Ĭithara is the Latin for the Greek kithára (κιθάρα) and Assyrian chetarah, a lyre for which there is evidence dating back to the 9 th or 8 th century BCE. In this source, theĬitole is called a cithara. (Berkeley, Library of the University of California MS. An illustration of a citole in the Berkeley Theory Manuscript, written before 1361 In the 14 th century Berkeley Theory Manuscript, for example, what appears to be a citole is called a cithara. But a citole isn’t always called a citole. – we can be sure the instrument in question is a citole. If we see a medieval reference to, for example, a citole – or its spelling variants citola, cithola, cistole, citolent, sitole, citule, sitol, chytole, etc. The misunderstanding which can arise due to mistaken word association is central to our subject: names of instruments in early music can lead the unwary to make erroneous connections, so it pays to be careful. Words can also mean something very different in different places at the same time: football, fanny, jumper, pants and biscuit could be the current cause of confusion in a conversation between English speakers in the UK and the USA. And pimp: there’s another word that has expanded its meaning and usage over time. Someone in the 16 th and 17 th century who ‘pandered to your desire’ was a pimp. A man in the 1920s who had ‘a night out with his gay friend’ would be surprised at how the meaning of the phrase had altered by the 1960s. Words can change their meaning over time. ![]() Starfish and jellyfish are neither stars, jellies, nor fish. A butterfly isn’t made of butter and isn’t a fly. A ladybird, for example, is neither a lady nor a bird. The relationship between the word for something and its identity can be complicated. Lester Junior Barnard, Jimi Hendrix and Martin Carthy. Times played by Ian Pittaway, Rolf Lislevand, Robert Trent, Robert Johnson, In the late 15 th century to the present day, featuring guitar music from 1551 to modern This is an expanded version of an article originally published in 2015, with a new video.Ĭlick picture to play – opens in new window.Ī history of the development of the guitar in four minutes, from its first appearance The article is illustrated with pictures, videos and sound recordings, beginning with a short video of guitar history. This article is an attempt to slice through the fog with a brief history of the instrument, charting its development from the renaissance, through the baroque period to the modern day, based only on what can be claimed with evidence. The origins of the guitar are much-discussed and much-disputed, and some pretty wild and unsubstantiated claims are made for its heritage, based on vaguely guitary-looking instruments in medieval and even pre-medieval iconography, about which we often know little or nothing beyond an indistinguishable drawing, painting or carving or based on instruments which have guitary-sounding names.
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Learn more about or statement, if, elseif Learn more about or statement, if, elseif How can I do this without using else if?: if balls = 0 & ( x > 5 OR y > 7) run xscript end Thanks, C/C++ Code Generation Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™. Learn more about conditional and, if statement, &, & MATLAB Description: The period character separates the integral and fractional parts of a number, such as 3. The conditions can build on one another in such a way that it only makes sense to evaluate the second expression if the first expression is true. MATLAB ® is optimized for operations involving matrices and vectors. To identify which version of the function MATLAB is calling, use the which function as follows: which -all % replace with the name of the function you are calling. The second difference is that is a relatively new addition to MATLAB. If you specify the precision as p, and p is less than the number of characters in the input text, then the output contains only the first p characters. It is used to terminate the execution of a while or for loops in Matlab. This form is reCAPTCHA protected (Google Privacy Policy & TOS)įill out the form above to sign up for Python Morsels, get some practice with the zip function, and start leveling-up your Python skills every week.Or statement matlab. I won’t share you info with others (see the Python Morsels Privacy Policy for details). If you sign up for Python Morsels I’ll give you a Python looping exercise that right now and then I’ll send you one new Python exercise every week after that. If you’d like to get hands-on experience practicing Python every week, I have a Python skill-building service you should consider joining. You have to practice these skills if you want to actually remember them. 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![]() We can further limit the files listed to only those referring to an actual device by filtering the grep -r output through a grep DEVICE: $ grep -r eth0 /etc/sysconfig 2>/dev/null | grep DEVICE etc/sysconfig/networking/devices/ifcfg-eth0:DEVICE=’eth0’ /etc/sysconfig/networking/profiles/default/ifcfg-eth0:DEVICE='eth0'Įvery file in /etc/sysconfig that mentions eth0 is shown in the results. etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-aliases:# The above example values create the interfaces eth0:0 through eth0:253 using In these files, the following configuration variables etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-aliases:# ifcfg-eth0-range1, etc. etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-aliases:# Specify multiple ranges using multiple files, such as ifcfg-eth0-range0 and The Linux name for the first Ethernet network device on a system is “eth0”, so you can find which file contains the configuration for eth0 by letting the grep -r command do the searching for you: $ grep -r eth0 /etc/sysconfig 2>/dev/null In the directory /etc/sysconfig are text files that contain much of the configuration information about a Linux system. The easiest way to understand this is to see it in action. This can be handy when working a large number of files. Grep can also search all the files in a whole directory tree with a single command. Adding the -l switch to the grep line does just that: $ grep -l nine general specific fallacy Perhaps we are more interested in just discovering which file mentions the word “nine” than actually seeing the line itself. General:Every cat has one more tail than no cat.įallacy:Therefore, every cat has ten tails. $ echo Therefore, every cat has ten tails. Searching in Several Files at OnceĪn easy way to search several files is just to name them on the grep command line: $ echo Every cat has one more tail than no cat. Instead of just a literal string, the pattern argument can also be a general template for matching more complicated character sequences we shall explore that in some other post. Here we searched for a word using its exact spelling. We can use the grep tool to search through the file for us in an automatic search: $ grep even file Using this method on a large file suffers because we could easily miss one word in a file of several thousand, or even several hundred thousand, words. Reading the file, we see that the file does indeed contain the letters “even”. For example, to see if a file contains the word “even”, you could just visually scan the file: $ cat file Under Linux, there are often several ways of accomplishing the same task. Show All Occurrences of a String in a File Include two lines of context before and after the matched line. Search all files, recursing through directories. Instead, exit with a zero exit status if any match is found. Include line numbers along with matching lines. Print filenames that contain matching pattern only. (Helpful for specifying several alternate patterns.) Common Command Line Switches for the grep Command Switch Consult the grep man page (or invoke grep –help) for more information. The following table summarizes some of grep’s more commonly used command line switches. The pattern is expected to be a single argument, so if pattern contains any spaces, or other characters special to the shell, you must enclose the pattern in quotes to prevent the shell from expanding or word splitting it. The pattern argument supplies the template characters for which grep is to search. egrep: Pattern searches using more powerful extended regular expressions.grep: Pattern searches using ordinary regular expressions.Use this command to quickly locate patterns without any wildcard characters, useful when searching for an ordinary word. fgrep: Does a fast search for simple patterns.There are actually three different names for the grep tool: The syntax below gives the general form of the grep command line: # pattern More powerful search patterns are possible and we shall examine them in the next section. A simple regular expression would be “Hello”, which matches exactly five characters: “H”, “e”, two consecutive “l” characters, and a final “o”. ![]() What, you may well ask, is a regular expression and why on earth should I want to parse one? We will provide a more formal definition of regular expressions in a later post, but for now, it is enough to know that a regular expression is simply a way of describing a pattern, or template, to match some sequence of characters. The name grep stands for general regular expression parser. In this post, we introduce the grep program, a handy tool for searching text file contents for specific words or character sequences. In an earlier post, we saw how the wc program can be used to count the characters, words, and lines in text files. |
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